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Agricultural and livestock policy, 1997: rural food security policy
and development Group (RFS)
Revised on the basis of
feedback workshop on policy review process of the rural food security
policy and development group (RFS) Tanzania episcopal conference (TEC),
2-3 May 2000
Mbilinyi, Marjorie; Nyoni, Timothy
/ Institute of Development Studies , 2000
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Controlling fiscal corruption:
theoretical approaches and illustrations from Tanzania
Working paper,
1999:6
Fjeldstad, Odd-Helge / Chr.
Michelsen Institute , 1999
Abstract :

The primary concern of this paper
is to discuss the role of various economic factors in explaining
corruption in tax administration. The emphasis is on how the incentive
structure of the tax system affects the decisions of tax collectors to
engage in fraudulent behaviour. It is argued that divergent motivations
of the individuals involved and imperfect information lie at the core of
understanding these problems. Divergent motivations open up the door to
strategic behaviour where agents are pursuing their personal goals, and
not the success of the institution. This is a particular problem when
information is asymmetric across individuals. Such informational
asymmetries may be significant in the tax administration. The paper
starts with a set of research questions based on empirical observations
from local governments in Tanzania, and examines the fundamental ideas,
basic assumptions and limitations of possible theoretical approaches to
answering these questions.

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The cooperation between Institute of
Development Management - IDM (Tanzania) and Agder College (Norway)
Working paper,
1999:4
Helland, Johan / Chr. Michelsen
Institute , 1999
Abstract :

This working paper reviews the
background and experiences gained in the context of institutional
co-operation between IDM in Tanzania and Agder College, Norway. This
co-operation has evolved out of a long-standing relationship between IDM
and NORAD. The current co-operation is funded by NORAD, is implemented in
the mode of NORAD s "recipient responsibility" and is an
example of NORAD s "Norway Axis" strategy. The specific purpose
of the co-operation is to improve research quality and expand research
capacity at IDM through joint research projects, as a means to strengthen
IDM s position in the Tanzanian market for the training and consultancy
services. The two parties have established an elaborate, and apparently
successful, structure for an equitable and mutually beneficial
institutional co-operation. The research output, however, has so far been
limited, but has provided IDM staff with opportunities for gaining
research experience and upgrading research competence. To what extent
these individual skills are sufficient to make a positive contribution to
IDM s market position remain to be seen.

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Directory of Tanzania
non-governmental organization-2000
Tanzania United Republic / Vice Presidents's Office , 2000
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Factors affecting the adoption of
rain water harvesting technologies in Western Pare Lowlands of
Tanzania
Tanzania Journal for
Agricultural Science Vol.1 No.1
Senkondo, E.M.M; Mdoe, N.S.Y;
Hatibu, N.; Mahoo, H; Gowing, J. / Sokoine University of 
Agriculture
Abstract :

Adoption of technology an important
factor in economic development especially in developing countries.
Successful introduction of technologies I developing countries requires
an understanding of the priorities and concerns of smallholder farmers at
the grassroots. This paper analyses the socio-economic factors that
influence the adoption of rainwater harvesting (RWH) technologies in
Western Pare lowlands of Tanzania. Data for the study were collected from
70 smallholder farmers in Kifaru and Lembeni village. These data were
fitted in probit and logit models. The results of the probit model are
used to explain adoption of RWH in western Pare lowlands because it
produced better fits compares with the logit model. The results of the
probit model shows that farm size, number of family members working in
the farm, experience in farming, and extent of knowledge in RWH
techniques were significant explaining the intensity of adoption of RWH
techniques. Regarding farmers perceived technology characteristics, the
results show that farmers appreciation of RWH as a factor contributing to
increase crop yield was positively and significantly explaining the
intensity adoption of RWH. This suggests that higher yields attained with
the use of RWH techniques will encourage adoption of the technique. It is
therefore recommended that efforts to promote the use of RWH techniques
should go together with the use of other recommended improved inputs to
bring higher returns to farmers.

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Fiscal decentralisation in Tanzania:
for better or for worse?
working paper,
2001:10
Fjeldstad, Odd-Helge / Chr.
Michelsen Institute , 2001
Abstract :

Tanzania is currently implementing
a local government reform aimed at improving public service delivery. An
important component of the reform is to increase the fiscal autonomy of
local authorities. This policy is encouraged and partly initiated by the
donor community. The purpose of this article is to explore to what extent
we can expect that increased fiscal autonomy will improve the efficiency
and responsiveness of the public sector. The paper concludes that it is
unrealistic to expect that the present administration in many local
authorities in Tanzania has adequate capacity and the required integrity
to manage increased fiscal autonomy. In fact, there is a real danger
that, in the absence of substantial restructuring of the current tax
system combined with capacity building and improved integrity, increased
autonomy will increase mismanagement and corruption.

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Gender issues in higher education
and their implications for gender mainstreaming and strategic
planning
Gender dimensions
programme committee
Mbilinyi, Marjorie / University of
Dar es Salaam , 2000
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Government accounting and finacial
reporting procedures (Tanzania)
Arora, M.L Muhimbi, J.A.M Utouh, L.S.L
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Incidence, causative agents and
strategy of control of mastitis among samllholder dairy herds in
Morogoro, Tanzania
Tanzania Journal of
Agriculture Vol.1 No.1 1998
Shekimweri, M.T; Kurwijila, L.R;
Mgongo, F.O. K / Tanzania Journal of Agriculture , 1998
Abstract :

A study on the incidence, causative
agents and strategy for control of mastitis was conducted on thirty urban
and per-urban smallholder dairy farms in Morogoro. California Mastitis
Test (CMT) was used in screening for mastitis. A total of 125 lactating
cows were screened. The CMT positive quarter milk samples were taken for
bacteriological examination and microscopic Somatic Cell Count (MSCC).
Incidence of clinical mastitis was 2.4% while that of sub clinical
mastitis was 60%. Infectious mastitis accounted for 63% of CMT positive
cases. Major causative agents of infectious mastitis were Staphylococcus
aureus (17%) and Streptococcus spp. (14.5%). Non-infectious mastitis
accounted for 37% of all CMT positive udder quarters. A trial conduct on
the different farm holdings and involving 40 cows in their last trimester
was done to evaluate the use of dry cow therapy with or without
accompanying subsequent use of pre and post-milking udder sanitization
with an iodophor disinfectant. Both Dry Cow Therapy (DCT) followed by
routine udder hygiene (DCT-RH) treatment of full milking hygiene (DCT-FH)
had significant effect (p=0.05) on reducing the infection rate which
decreased gradually after calving. There was total elimination of
Staphylococcus spp. Whereas Streptococcus spp. Were reduced by 67% within
8 weeks post calving. The effect of No Dry Cow Therapy followed by full
milking hygiene alone (NDCT+FH) was not statistically significant but
there was a 66% reduction I the proportion of infected quarters over a
period of eight weeks. The study demonstrated that smallholder dairy
farmers could achieve significant reduction of mastitis cases in their
dairy herds through use of a combination of dry cow therapy and use of
pre- and post-milking teat dip

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The institutionalisation of the
Tanzanian opposition parties: how stable are they?
Report, 2000: 3
Whitehead, Richard L / Chr.
Michelsen Institute , 2000
Abstract :

In 1992, legislation formally ended
the nearly 30 year domination of the one-party state in Tanzania, part of
a democratisation wave that appeared to sweep through Africa in the late
80s and early 90s. In Tanzania by 1993, there were a total of 51 parties
formally registered or in the process of registering. Today, this
fragmentation has been reduced to 13 legally registered political
parties. This article, as an abstract from an MPA thesis, focuses on the
institutionalisation of the five main opposition parties that have
emerged since 1992: the NCCR-Mageuzi, CHADEMA, CUF, UDP, and TLP.
Specifically, through the use of a four dimensional party
institutionalisation model, this article discusses some of the key
factors that limit these five parties in operating as stable institutions
in a political environment still dominated by the incumbent regime, the
Chama Cha Mapinduzi.

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Livelihoods, employment and income
policy
Rural Food Security
Policy and Development Group (RFS)
Mbilinyi, Marjorie Nyoni, Timothy /
Institute of development studies , 2000
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Local government reform, cooperative
development policy and civil society organizations
Rural food security
group
Mung'ong'o, Claude / Institute of
Development Studies , 2000
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Local government taxation and tax
administration in Tanzania
Report, 1999:3
Fjeldstad, Odd-Helge Semboja,
Joseph / Chr. Michelsen Institute , 1999
Abstract :

: Local taxes represent less than 5
per cent of total tax revenues in Tanzania. However, the large number of
these taxes, together with their unsatisfactory nature, means that their
economic, political and social impacts are considerably more significant
than their figure implies. This paper reviews the main characteristics
and impacts of the existing local tax system. It discusses how the
present tax system came into being, and why it has been maintained for
such a long period in spite of all its weaknesses. Furthermore, it
considers options for reform. An important component of the ongoing
decentralisation reform in Tanzania is to increase the fiscal autonomy of
local authorities. This policy is encouraged and partly initiated by the
donor community. The above findings suggest that care must be taken in
implementing this policy. It is unrealistic to expect that the present
administration in many local authorities has adequate capacity and the
required integrity to manage increased fiscal autonomy. In fact, there is
a real danger that in the absence of substantial restructuring of the
current tax system combined with capacity building and improved
integrity, increased autonomy will raise mismanagement and
corruption.

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Market liberalization in Tanzania: a
review in relation to food security and sustainable livelihoods
Rural food security
group
Mung'ong'o, Claude / Institute of
Development Studies , 2000
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Monetary variables in Macmod: a note
concerning the introduction of monetary variables in the Tanzanian macro
economic model: Macmond
working paper,
2000:2
Granberg, Per / Chr. Michelsen
Institute , 2000
Abstract :

This paper discusses the
relationship between money supply and production in Tanzania, wit special
reference to Macmod, the macroeconomic model for Tanzania. The
relationship between money supply and production is seen as being neither
direct nor simple in nature: the paper argues that the money supply does
not impact production directly, but via inflation. Other things being
equal, one may consequently expect money supply to influence inflation,
and inflation to affect production.

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Notes on building a social movement
in the globalisation era
Annual gender studies
conference '98
Mbilinyi, Marjorie , 1998
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Patterns of partnership and condom
use in two communities of female sex workers in Tanzania
Journal of the
association nurse in AIDS care Vol. 11 No.4 July/August 2000
/ Journal of the association nurse
in AIDS care , 2000
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Poverty and development in Tanzania:
a discussion note
Report, 2000:5
Jerve, Alf Morten Ofstad Arve /
Chr. Michelsen Institute , 2000
Abstract :

This brief discussion note is
focusing on major policy issues confronting Tanzania when aiming at a
substantial reduction in poverty level over the next decades. The
government has high ambitions for creating high quality livelihoods and
eradication of extreme poverty by year 2025, within a liberal
growth-oriented development framework. The starting point is most
challenging with widespread poverty and a relatively weak state highly
dependent on international donors. It is therefore not realistic that
Tanzania will achieve the International Development Target in reducing
the poverty level. The paper proposes to analyse five dimensions of
policies for poverty reduction. The government will have to make a number
of policy choices and trade-offs when attempting to combine economic
opportunities with protection of safeguards and minimum rights. The paper
reveals many uncertainties about the level and trends in poverty, and a
stronger effort should be made to improve data and analysis. Most
important is to generate a better understanding of the causes and social
dynamics of poverty, and to monitor the effects of various policy
initiatives.

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The poverty eradication
strategy
Rural food security
policy and development group (RFS)
Mbilinyi, Marjorie; Nyoni, Timothy
/ Rural food security policy and development group(RFS) institute of
development studies , 2000
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Proceedings of the workshop on an
initiative towards understanding a joint implementation regime to support
national priorities in Tanzania
Mwandosya, M.J. Nyenzi, B.S / The Centre for Energy, Environment,
Science and Technology , 1996
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Rural food security in Tanzanai: the
challenge for human rights, democracy and development
Rural food security
policy and development group
Mbilinyi, Marjorie; Koda, Bertha
Mung'ong'o, Claude; Nyoni, Timothy , 1999
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Sera ya utamaduni
Tanzania Jamhuri ya Muungano / Wizara ya Elimu ya Utamaduni ,
1997
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Soil and water conservation in
Semi-Arid areas of Tanzania: national policies and local practices
Tanzania Journal of
Agriculture Vol.2 No.2 1999
Hatibu, N; Lazaro, E. A; Mahoo, F.
B; Rwehumbiza, F. B; Bakari, A. M / Tanzania Journal of Agriculture ,
1999
Abstract :

production of high water demanding
but high value crops such as rice and vegetables. It is proposed that
sustainable adoption of soil and water conservation practices in
semi-arid areas of Tanzania requires polices and strategic that; (i)
ensure strict but fair customs, rules and by-laws; (ii) lead to
appreciable direct tangible benefits to the individual; and (iii)
emphasis the management and conservation of the scare rainwater. The
paper concludes that there is an urgent On the basis of agricultural
potential, it is estimated that more than 50% of land in Tanzania is
semi-arid or arid due to three main factors. Namely; low amount of
rainfall, high evapotranspiration rates and erratic temporal an spatial
distribution of rainfall. The objective of this paper is to assess the
extent to which different macro policies relevant of soil and water
conservation relate to the local realities in semi-arid areas. A
historical analysis of the relevant policies, strategies and programmes
was conducted and supplemented with case studies conducted in three
districts, namely Dodoma, Same and Shinyanga. The findings from the
analysis of trends show that adoption of soil and water conservation
practices is affected by many factors but with two being critical;
namely; (i) rules and regulations and their enforcement; and (ii)
benefits to the individual. The results further show that there has been
a gap between the emphasis given in macro-policies, strategies and
programmes, on one hand and what is really practiced by farmers in
semi-arid areas. For example, while policies, strategies and programmes
have put more emphasis on drought resistant crops and erosion control.
Farmer have directed their efforts to the effective management of
rainwater for the need to re-orient Soil and Water Conservation
strategies and programmes pursued by government in semi-arid areas; so as
to focus less on drought-resistant crops and tree-planting and more on
soil-water management practices such as rainwater harvesting.

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Status of poverty reduction strategy
paper (PRSP)
Prepared for the
Consultative Group Meeting for Tanzania
Tanzania United Republic ,
2000
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Tanzania: Interim poverty reduction
strategy paper (PRSP)
Consultative group
meeting
Tanzania United Republic ,
2000
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Taxation, aid and democracy: an
agenda for research in African countries
Working paper,
2000:4
Fjeldstad, Odd-Helge Therkildesen,
Ole Rakner, Lise Semboja, Joseph / Chr. Michelsen Institute , 2000
Abstract :

This research programme analyses
the evolution of tax systems in Namibia, Tanzania and Uganda in order to
seek a deeper understanding of the present tax system, how it came to be,
and what historical, political, economic, and institutional forces have
shaped it. The colonial past and the influence of the international donor
community add new dimensions to the developments in African countries
compared to those of Western countries. Thus, the evolution of tax
systems in Africa has most likely followed different paths compared to
the experience of Western countries. The programme will seek to identify
key features explaining commonalties and differences in the tax systems
of the selected countries. The research is therefore longitudinal and
comparative and it includes the political, institutional and public
finance dimensions of taxation. The main proposition is that the way the
new and evolving democracies in Africa tackle the issue of domestic
revenue generation significantly influences their potential for economic
growth and democratic consolidation. The findings of this project are
therefore relevant for present and future tax reforms in the three
countries. Such knowledge is also relevant to aid policy, especially in
the areas of institutional support for strengthening public
administration, including tax administration, and service delivery.
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Key issues To understand the key features influencing the evolution of
tax systems (tax policies and implementation arrangements) since
independence in the three countries To understand the constraints and
options available for policy making on revenue mobilisation and
democratisation in the three countries.
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Technical note on performance of
macro-catchment rainwater harvesting for maize production: preliminary
results
Tanzania Journal of
Agriculture Vol.2 No.2 1999
Kajiru, G.J; Hatibu, N.; Bakari,
A.M; Kishebuka, S.R; Young, D.B / Sokoine University of Agriculture ,
1999
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United Nations: the common country
assessment for Zanzibar
United Nations , 2001
Abstract :

I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. The Common
Country Assistance (CCA) for Zanzibar is intended to provide information
on the development issues and poverty concerns facing the Isles. Such
information is necessary for the UN system s new programming cycle and
for guiding interventions from other development partners. While for
Mainland Tanzania such information is adequately provided in the Tanzania
Assistance Strategy (TAS) and the Poverty Reduction Strategy documents,
and hence there is no need for preparing a separate situation analysis
for the Mainland, for Zanzibar such an analysis, focusing on poverty and
its related concerns is required. 2. In principle, the CCA is undertaken
by the United Nations System with key partners. In particular, the CCA is
undertaken with close involvement of the government. The Zanzibar
government officials have been involved through meetings and discussions
of the draft material. The participation of the poor at grassroots level
was solicited through consultative meetings, which were conducted
throughout the country on 19th December 2000. 3. The CCA is a
country-based process for reviewing and analysing the national
development situation and identifying key issues as basis for advocacy,
policy dialogue and preparation of the United Nations Development
Assistance Framework (UNDAF). By undertaking this, the UN system also
hopes to make a contribution to the development of a Poverty Reduction
Plan (PRP) by the Government of Zanzibar. 4. The CCA also addresses: a)
National priorities and needs b) Follow up to UN Conferences and the
status of implementation of UN Conventions and declarations. 5. The main
findings are: (i) The growth rate of GDP at 4.3% (1995-1999), on average,
is inadequate to have a meaningful impact on poverty reduction because
population growth of 3% requires a sustainable GDP growth of not less
than 9% to have a significant impact on poverty reduction. In this
regard, only broad-based pro-poor growth strategies will enable the
majority to benefit from growth. As regards the productive sectors, the
strategy should focus on agriculture, rural roads and service. In
addition, high quality tourism and delivery delivery of essential basic
services needs to be improved. (ii) The impact of the aid-boycott by many
bilateral agencies from 1995 to 2000 is not obviously seen at the macro
level. Indeed, Zanzibar continued to get aid from the Gulf states, BADEA,
ADB and UN agencies including the World Bank. To this effect, for the
period 1995 1999 the economy performed better compared to the period
between 1990 and 1995. However, at the level of project implementation
(grassroots), activities that were halted by bilateral donors included
those in health, water and education, malaria control, sanitation of
Stone Town, etc affecting negatively the delivery of services which are
beneficial to the majority poor. (iii) Gender imbalances in education,
employment and access to land are notable. Regional imbalance (Unguja
vis-à-vis Pemba) is also significant. For example, roads in Pemba are in
bad condition compared with those in Unguja. (iv) Reproductive and Child
Health and education indicators for 1999 show a better health status for
Unguja than Pemba. This implies that poverty is deeper in Pemba than
Unguja. (v) There is scanty information about HIV/AIDS, which suggests a
low current level of infection, but worrisome indications of pending fast
increases. (vi) Malaria is by far the most common diagnosed disease and
has remained the most significant public health problem in Zanzibar.
(vii) Governance issues (both economic and political) need close
attention. Some of the issues on governance, which require immediate
actions are: fighting corruption, strengthening financial management,
restoration of political harmony and strengthening of democratization
process, enhancement of transparency and accountability (consultative
meetings report, December 2000). (viii) The land ownership situation is
clearly stated, but the actual practice does not correspond to existing
laws. There is inequitable ownership, distribution and access to land -
women are highly disadvantaged. 6. The list of priority areas identified
in consultative meetings in communities is quite long. It is recommended
that priority areas that were identified in the grassroots consultation
meetings, and cross-cutting issues indicated in the analysis should be
taken on board during the first implementation cycle. The following are
the recommended priority areas for the UN system: Ø Primary education Ø
Basic health Ø Rural water supply Ø Employment (especially of the youth
and women) Ø Rural roads Ø Agriculture Ø Governance issues (enhanced good
governance and macroeconomic management including financial management
and the fight against corruption) Ø Gender equity and reduced regional
imbalances e.g. special efforts needed to address poverty in the isolated
areas and especially Pemba. Ø HIV/AIDS Ø Data and information system
(including establishment of a system for monitoring performance in
poverty reduction. That is, poverty analysis and monitoring framework for
Zanzibar) 7. The Government needs are basically capacity building both
human and institutional within these indicated priority areas, as well as
support for social services delivery and operational costs.

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Women workers and self-employed in
the rural sector
Paper prepared for ILO
Workshop on Women's Employment Promotion in the context of Structural
Adjustment Programme in Tanzania
Mbilinyi, Marjorie , 1997
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