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Adoption of rainwater harvesting technologies by farmers
in Tanzania with particular reference to the western pare lowlands.
Tanzania Journal for
Agriculture Vol.2 No.2, 1999
Senkondo, E.M.M; Lazaro, E.A; Kajiru, G.J. /
Sokoine University of Agriculture , 1999 
Abstract : 

Adoption of technology is an important factor in economic
development. Successful introduction of technologies in the developing
countries requires an understanding of the priorities and concerns of the
smallholder farmers at the grassroots. This paper presents experience of
adoption studies in the western Pare Lowlands, identifying the factors
affecting adoption, constraints to adoption and methodological problems
in studying adoption of RWH technologies. A survey approach was the main
method used to collect the data from a sample of 86 farmers. The data
collected ware analysed using descriptive statistics and estimation of
empirical model to determine the factors affecting adoption of RWH
technologies. The empirical model used was logit regression. Important
factors affecting the adoption of RWH were identified as number of plots
owned by farmers and the sex of the head of household. Constraints in the
adoption of RWH technologies were noted including constraints facing
those who are already using the RWH technologies. Problem facing the
users include difficulties with water distribution. Two important
recommendations are made: First because adoption of technologies by
farmers takes time, there is a need for collecting a series of data
(separated in time) about adoption should also consider the time element.
Secondly, since the main constraints to adoption is lack of technical
knowledge, it is recommended that training of extension workers in RWH
techniques and including RWH in the district extension package will
reduce the problem of availability of technical knowledge to farmers.

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Agricultural project planning in Tanzania: a handbook on
cycles and sequences, participation, identification,planning and design,
economic and financial analysis, and environmental assessment of
agricultural projects.
Howlett, David Nagu, Joseph / Institute of
Development Management Development and project planning centre DFID ,
1997 
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Agricultural research, technology development, transfer,
uptake and adoption in Tanzania: past and future outlook for the next
millennium
Proceedings of FoA 4, 
1999
Mtenga, L.A.; Massawe, N.F.; Kurwijila R.L. /
Sokoine University of Agriculture , 1999 
Abstract :

The paper looks at the role of research and development in Tanzania s agricultural development. A brief historical account on type and methods that have been applied in agricultural research since pre-independence era is given. A general observation that agricultural research had had little impact on Tanzania s agriculture forms a basis for an analysis of why has been so. It is contended that poor research-extension linkage is only one of the many factors hindering adoption of improved technologies by farmers. The social economic and social-cultural environment under which farmers operate could hamper adoption of potentially useful technologies developed by researchers. The paper looks at some case studies of technology transfer programme in Tanzania pointing out reasons for failure or success. It is argued that participatory research method that takes into account the farmers needs and perceived options for addressing bottlenecks is requires for drastic transformation of agriculture that is required in Tanzania. The paper ends by posing some self evaluation questions regarding researchers knowledge of farmers needs, researcher competence and whether or not enough is known as to which are the most critical bottlenecks to agriculture development in Tanzania and the best way these bottlenecks could be addressed by ways other than just research and technology development, transfer, adoption, and dissemination.

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AIDS in Africa during the nineties: Tanzania

a review and analysis of
surveys and research studies
Tanzania United republic / Bureau of Statistics
Measure National AIDS control programme , 2001 
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An assessment of trend of trends in child mortality
estimates in Tanzania during the nineties: a summary
Measure Evaluation 
Abstract : 

Comparing the results of the TRCHS 1999 with the TDHS 1996
suggests that child mortality in Tanzania has increased. Yet, five-year
trends within the TRCHS suggest the opposite. How should these trends be
interpreted? This brief summarizes the results of an analysis that
investigated why there are differences in mortality between the two
surveys and how the overall trend should be interpreted [1]. 

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Changing lifestyles in farming societies of Sukumaland:
Kwimba district, Tanzania
De-agrarianisation and rural
employment network: ASC working paper 27/1998
Madulu, Ndalahwa F. / Afrika-Studiecentrum
Institute of Resource Assessment , 1998 
Abstract : 

This paper examines the changing lifestyle in rural
Sukumaland. A case study of two villages in Kwimba District is used to
demonstrate the nature and extent of the change in life patterns and
resource control at the household level. Farming in Sukumaland
constitutes an economic livelihood and a social identity. Almost
everybody in the rural areas identifies himself/herself as a farmer.
There is a widespread belief that food self-sufficiency is an important
indicator of material wealth and prosperity. In other words, the value of
man is in food production. Throughout Kwimba District, land is
distributed at the family level through the traditional land tenure
system. However, land has increasingly become scarce due to population
pressure and migration flows of people to other areas are on the
increase. Traditionally, Sukuma investment was directed at building up
livestock and farms which were a source of pride and prestige. Recent
developments have necessitated both social and economic change. Among
youth, for example, investment is largely directed towards better housing
and trade rather than to cattle and farming. Such conditions create a
conflict of interest and investment between the two generations. The
attitudes of youth to farming are a clear indicator of the shrinking
agricultural sector at least in terms of investments and labour
allocation. This change may be influenced by many factors such as
increasing levels of education, availability of alternative economic
opportunities, non-sustainable agricultural conditions, resource scarcity
and rapid population growth. 

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Changing village land, labour and livelihoods: Rungwe and
Kyela districts, Tanzania
De- agrarianisation and rural
employment network
Mwamfupe, Davis , 1998 
Abstract : 

This paper presents the findings of a field study carried
out in Rungwe and Kyela districts of Mbeya region as part of the Beyond
the Shamba Research Project jointly undertaken by the Institute of
Resource Assessment at the University of Dar es Salaam and the
Afrika-Studiecentrum, University of Leiden. Rungwe and Kyela districts,
located in south-western Tanzania and proximating to the Malawian and
Zambian borders, have long been recognised for their great agricultural
potential. Now, however, rural population densities have reached critical
levels and villagers are experimenting with various non-agricultural
activities alongside their agricultural work. The main objectives of the
study were to examine the changing features of household control over
resources such as land, labour and capital and to document the evolution
of non-agricultural labour activities. Changing patterns of land and
labour allocation between generations within rural households are
explored in relation to these themes.


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Coconut palm replacement model for Tanzania farming
systems
Jounal of Agriculture Economics
and Development Vol 3, June 1999
Mwinjaka, S; Chiduza, C; Temu, A.E; Sukume, C.;
Dichl, L. , 1999 
Abstract : 

The major contributing factor to low and constanly declining
productivity of coconut palm worldwide is senililty. Over 75% of coconuts
in Tanzania are more 45 years old,and amongst these there many above 60
years. This affects productivity negatively. It is possible to improve
yield from coconut palm field by applying and appropriate replacement
strategy. This paper presents results of a mathematical model aimed at
determining the appropriate replacement time for coconut palms in coastal
Tanzania. Data was collectedf from Tanga, Coast and Dar es Salaam Region.
A total of 592 palms were assessed and their yield estimated. Linear
regression aquations suggest a production pattern where there is a low
yield pick-up in the early ages (10-20 years) it increases at a fast rate
in the intermediets age (20-40 years) and production declines beyond 50
years. palms have highest yield at 42 and 38 years in Coast/Dar es Salaam
and Tanga Regions respectively. A dyanamic programming model indicates
that the optmal replacement age is 66 years. Up to this plant age , the
farmer is guaranteed profit if he/she adheres to recommended palm stands
husbandry practices.

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Coming full circle: agriculture, non-farm activities and
the resurgence of out-migration in Njombe district, Tanzania
De-agrarianisationand rural
employment network: ASC working paper 26/1998
Mung'ong'o, C.G. / Afrika-Studiecentrum Institute
of Resource Assessment , 1998 
Abstract : 

This report presents the findings of research carried out
between December 1996 and December 1997 in two villages in Lushoto
District which formed a part of the Beyond the Shamba research project
undertaken by the Institute of Resource Assessment of the University of
Dar es Salaam and the Afrika-Studiecentrum, Leiden, funded by the Dutch
Ministry of Foreign Affairs. This study is one of four regional studies
of agricultural and non-agricultural activities and their change over
time within Tanzanian villages. As such there was a standardised research
methodology that is outlined in the Appendix. It involved a general broad
survey of individuals within the selected villages to determine the
pattern of non-agricultural activities over time, a survey of existing
non-agricultural enterprises within the village, a survey of Standard
Seven school children's career expectations and attitudes towards work,
and an in-depth survey of career patterns of different generations within
selected households. Two villages were surveyed: Igosi, a high altitude
maize, wheat and pyrethrum-growing village, and Mtwango-Lunguya, a
maize-growing village situated along a main road. The report is divided
into three main sections consisting of background about the study area,
village profiles, survey findings regarding the local economy,
agricultural and non-agricultural production, migration patterns,
associational ties, social relations between generations and prospects
for agricultural development, followed by a conclusion which includes an
analytical summary of findings and recommendations arising from the
research. 

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Comparative economic adavantage analysis of alternative
agricultrural production options in Tanzania
Tanzania Journal of Agriculture
Vol.1 No.1 1998
Mbiha, R.R; Turuka, F.M; Temu,A.E; Mdoe, N.S.Y;
Mlabiti, M.E. / Sokoine University of Agriculture , 1998
Abstract : 

The objective of this paper was to analyze the comparative
agricultural economic advantage and extent of policy distortion in
alternative agricultural production activities in various agro-ecological
zones and farming systems, in Tanzania. The Domestic Resource Coast (DRC)
ration derives from the Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) was used to evaluate
comparative economic advantage. The methodology was also used to evaluate
effective protection and trade patterns using Nominal Protection
Coefficient (NPC) and Effective Protection Coefficient (EPC) as measures
of policy distortion. Data was collected from selected location in a
number of agro-ecological zones and farming systems in Tanzania. Domestic
Resource Costs for Southern Highlands coffee (DRC=0.991),Western zone
cotton (DRC=0.60) and Morogoro rice (DRC = 0.97) were less than one. On
the other hand DRCs for Northern highlands coffee (DRC = 1.98) and
Morogoro maize (DRC = 1.47) were greater than one. These results suggest
that Tanzania possesses comparative advantage in the production of
Southern Highlands coffee. Western Zone cotton and Morogoro rice. The
country has comparative disadvantage in production of northern highlands
coffee and Morogoro maize. Wide variations in comparative advantage.
Shown emanate from differences in resource and biophysical conditions,
farming systems, technology levels and tenure arrangements. In general
the measures of distortion (NPCs and EPCs) indicate that government price
policy protected food crops while cash crops (except northern zone
coffee) were taxed. Given these results, effective measures to alleviate
production constraints and improve gross margins must be instituted in
order to motivate farmers to increase resource allocation to the crops
for which specific location have comparative disadvantage.

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Constraints to capital market development and growth in
Sub-Saharan Africa: The Case of Tanzania
EAGER policy brief, number 56/
February 2001
Equity and Growth through Economic Research
(EAGER) USAID
/ Ziorklui, Sam Senbet, Lemma W. Mussonda, Flora , 2001
Abstract : 

In the 1980s and 1990s many countries in Sub-Saharan Africa
(SSA) embarked on financial sector reforms that featured structural
adjustment programs targeting their financial system in order to enhance
savings mobilization and credit allocation to the private sector for
growth and poverty alleviation. However, a decade after the reforms,
critics argue that the reforms have had little impact on capital markets,
failing to remove many of the constraints that militate against the
development of a functioning capital market. The objective of this study
is to examine the various problems that constrain the development of
functioning capital markets in SSA in general and Tanzania in particular.
The study also examines the impact of the government s recent policy
changes on capital market development and the operations of non-banking
financial institutions that intermediate the capital markets. The study
analyzed the link between capital market development indices and the real
sector growth in Tanzania. The issues of capital market regional
integration and globalization are also examined with regard to the policy
implications. The study also addresses the impact of policy changes on
equity and poverty alleviation in Tanzania. 

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Contribution on non-farm and farm enterprises to rural
poverty alleviation in South-Western Tanzania
Tanzania Journal of Development
Studies, vol. II No. 1 1999
Kihiyo, Vincent B.M.S; Kayunze, Kim A.; Makundi,
Flora L.K / Sokoine University of Agriculture , 1999 
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Costs of different factors of production in 
Zanzibar
Zanzibar Revolutionary Government ,
2000 
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A critical assessment of research on selected
environmental resources in Tanzania: agroforestry and water
management
Semoka, Johnson M.R / Sokoine University of
Agriculture 
Abstract : 

A critical evaluation of past research and current projects
on agroforestry and water management in Tanzania is presented. In
agroforestry 22 research projects focusing on aspects such as selection
of trees species for agroforestry. the role of argroforestry in soil
fertility maintenance and ameltoration of unfavorable soil conditions and
developing appropriate systems of free-crop combinations have been
undertaken. Some of these projects are still in progress. In soil water
management few studies have been undertaken focusing on the soil-plan
t-atmosphere continuum. Fragmentary and some site specific data on
components of this continuum have been obtained. It is recommend that
research programmes in both areas be strenghened. In agroforestry
research activities should be extended assess the contribution of roots
and mycorrhizal associations of trees to soil fertlity maintenance,
include indigenous frees spectes in the selection of multipurpose free
species for use in agroforestry find assess the role of agroforestry in
soil consenvation In soil water management a coherent list of broad
research topics has been proposed to enable the development of a more
meaningful research programme. In both areas, differences in
agroecological zones should be considered in planning and executing
research pejects to eraole efficient utilization of resources by avoiding
unnecessary duplication. In addition both areas require increases in
funding and training of personnel. finally efforts to disseminate the
technologies developed to farmers should be intensified.

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Cultural Policy
Policy statements
Tanzania United Republic / Ministry of Education
and Culture , 1997 
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The Dar es Salaam informal sector 1995: Volume II
Survey operational and
technical report:STAT working papers, no. 98-1
Tanzania United Republic; / ILO; UNDP; SIDA; The
Planning Commission Ministry of labour and youth Development ,
1998 
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Development challenges and strategies for Tanzania: an
agenda for the 21 century
Lucian, A. Msambichaka; Moshi, Humphrey P.B;
Mtatifikolo, Fidels P / University of Dar es Salaam 
Abstract : 

What are Tanzania's challenges, strategies, priorities and
prospects for development as we enters the 21st century? This is the
fundamental question which repeatedly appears in each paper in this book.
It is around this basic question that contributors in this book have
tried to identify those factors which would raise Tanzania's Gross
Domestic Product (GDP), generate employment opportunities and accelerate
development. The topics discussed in this book are diverse because
development process entails more than the economic theory of production.
Reading across the papers all of them urge that there should be a more
efficientmanagement of the public sector, a better analysis of policies,
better choice of policy instruments and the use of the market as an
appropriate means of development towards the 21st century.

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Development levy and rural women in Tanzania: a case of
Dodoma rural
Agder College - Institute of
Development Management collaboration, research report no. 7
Tembe, Eulalia T. Lande, Gunvor / Institute of
Development Management Mzumbe (IDM Mzumbe) Adger College ,
1996 
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Development strategies poverty reduction initiatives:
analytical discussion with applications to Tanzania
Mtatifikolo, Fidels; Mabele, Robert 
Abstract : 

This paper is about development strategies and poverty
reduction initiatives, using Tanzania as a case study. Poverty is defined
and operationalised in the global context, with poverty in Africa being
characterised as "mass poverty". In Tanizania poverty is
rampant and largely rural even though the urban areas are not as such
rich. Urban poverty is worse in smaller towns than in the capital, Dar Es
Salaam. Current poverty reduction initiatives distinguish between
strategic and operational-level efforts. Regarding strategic efforts,
Tanzania has had explicit policies in the recent Reform Programme and
Rolling Plans. Operational-level initiatives see combined interventions,
at grassroots level, of the Government, the Donor Community and the NGOs.
Recommendations emphasise continuity and consolidation of processes in
which the poor themselves are the primary actors Participatory methods to
poverty assessment and poverty reduction should guide policy and
practice.

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Do family planning services providers in Tanzania
unnecessarily restrict access to contraceptive methods?
Speizer, Ilene S. 
Abstract : 

Context: Medical barriers can limit the use of family
planning services, even in situations where family planning services are
physically accessible and economic barriers are few. This study
investigates the presence of four types of me dical barriers among
providers at government family planning service delivery points in
Tanzania: overspecialization, eligibility restrictions, process hurdles,
and provider bias. Methods: Data from the 1996 Tanzania Service
Availability Survey are used in the study. Barriers are analyzed by type
of provider, type of facility, and urban/rural location. Estimates of the
proportion of facilities that are "barrier-f ree" are also
made. Results: A relatively high proportion of provider's restrict
eligibility by age, particularly for oral contraceptives, the most widely
used method by Tanzanian women. Restrictions were also observed according
to a woman's marital status, parity, and spousal consent. Medical aides,
trained midwives, MCH aides, and auxiliary staff, the most common type of
family planning service provider in rural areas, were the most likely to
impose age restrictions (79 to 81 percent) for the pill. Ten to 13
percent of providers reported that there was at least one modern method
that they would never recommend, and 40 percent reported inappropriate
process hurdles in the provision of hormonal methods. In the aggregate,
these restrictions and hurdles se verely limit access to contraceptives
for certain groups of women. Young, unmarried, non-menstruating women,
for example, would encounter one or more barriers or process hurdles at
more than 70 percent of urban and 80 percent of rural facilities.
Conclusions: Although the Tanzanian National Family Planning Program has
made considerable progress in improving access to family planning
services in the 1990s, further efforts are needed to reduce and
ultimately eliminate unnecessary p rovider restrictions to contraceptive
use. Compliance with the National Family Planning Program's service
guidelines and standards would seem to be in need of greater emphasis in
pre- and in-service training and during supervisory visits. 

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The dynamics of population, land scarcity, agriculture
and non-agricultural activities: west Usambara Mountains, Lushoto
district, Tanzania
De- agrarianisation and rural
employment network
Jambiya, George / Afrika-Studiecentrum Institute
of Resource Assessment , 1998 
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The dynamics of the urbanization forces in Tanzania and
related policy and research issues
Mtatifikolo, Fidelis P. / University of Dar es
Salaam 
Abstract : 

This paper is about the dynainics of the urbanization forces
in Tanzania. In five sections the paper (i) provides an
operationalization of some basic concepts in the relevant literature,
(ii) traces the history and main features of urbanization in Tanzania,
and (iii) discusses the dynamics of the urbanization processes (iv)
covers government policies on urbanization and (v) provides a framework
for policy and research issues on the topic as relevant for Tanzania.
Some of the major findings show that the history and location of major
urban areas was a creation of colonisers, Gennany and Britain. However,
under colonialism processes of urbanization (and migration) were strictly
controlled and urban growth did not evolve into 'a crisis' since it was
organically linked to tlie whole colonial Political Economy. The second
observation is that urban growth especially atter independence and the
relaxation of controls on migrations and settlements resulted mainly from
rural-urban migration Dar es Sal aam is judged as a 'crisis' area in
terms of its high rate of growth and serious imbalances between its
economy and the population (not only in relation to other towns in
Tarizania but also in relation to other countries in similar stages of
developmeifl). Other features in many urban centres raise 'sensitive
concerns, like the displacement of indigenous 'tribes' by other settlers
from within and outside the country, the squatter and object poverty in
many pockets of urban settlements, and the high unemployment and crime
rates especially in unplanned neighbourhoods. Government policies, tried
in various combinations of 'carrots and sticks' (both explicit and
implicit, are evaluated and seen to have largely failed. Such policies
centred around' growth pole' strategies, specific function urban
designation strategies, the Incomes Policy strategies (carrots), and
regulatory (coercive) measures. The Policy questiorns and research issues
raised centre on the need to (1) work out a policy framework and action
plan for an optimal minimal sizes for urban 'take-off' to reduce
parasitic vision associated with current urban centres (2) provide for a
policy on resource balances through public revenue and expenditure
programmes on urban development (3) conduct research on optimal balances
between persuasive and coercive measures in urbanization processes and
(4) address seemingly sensitive issues (e.g., internal dynamics with
respect to tribal and ethnic mixes, gender issues, poverty and squatting,
and crime waves) in urbanization processes, aspects gradually being
shelved off or even being ignored by census designers in recent
times.

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Education sector reform programme(For TAS 2000)
Tanzania United Republic , 2000
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The effects of unavailability of technical storage
facilities to the marketing of fruits and vegatables for economic
development in Morogoro rural and urbarn districts
Proceeding of FoA conference
Vol.4, 1999
Kasimila, B.J. Wambura, R.M. Nnko, S.A.M /
Sokoine University of Agriculture
, 1999 
Abstract : 

Fruits and vegetables are basically horticultural products,
which deteriorate fast after harvest. They are characterized by high
moisture contents and tenderness. These fruits and vegetables had every
low profile in Morogoro region in the past, but since 1998s they are
increasingly becoming strategic products because they provide employment
and contribute to family income. This paper is based on the others study
in 1998 on the effects of the unavailability of the technical storage
facilities to the marketing of fruits and vegetables for economic
development in the two districts . The study focused on the major causes
of fruits and vegetables losses and on determination of the trend and
constraints pertaining to the fruits and vegetables production and
marketing. Primary data were obtained through interviews with randomly
selected fruits and vegetable farmers, wholesalers, retailers and
consumers. Other data were obtained through group discussions with key
informants and personal observations and notes. The data analysis
employed the use of descriptive statistics. The main losses identified
were both qualitative and quantitative resulting from damages occurring
mainly during transportation and unavailability of technical storage
facilities at the markets. The paper concludes that Morogoro rural and
urban districts seriously lack transport and storage facilities for
horticultural products. Intervention strategies that have to be taken to
district are presented.

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Evaluation and promotion of rainwater harvesting in
semi-arid areas of Tanzania
Research project: 2nd interim
technical report
Hatibu, N; Mahoo, G.F; Kayombo, B; Ussiri, D.A.N
/ Sokoine University of Agriculture , 1995 
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Evaluation of contour barriers for soil and water
conservation in Western pare low land, Tanzania
Tanzania Journal of Agriculture
Vol.2 No.2, 1999
Rwehumbiza, F.B.R; Hatibu, N; Kishebuka, S.R /
Sokoine University of Agriculture , 1999 
Abstract : 

A study was undertaken in Mwanga District in the Western
Pare Low Lands (WPLL) for seven seasons (1993-19990 to investigate the
performance of three soil and water conservation techniques with regard
to the production of maize, on land with 8% slope. Conservation
treatments were, stone binding (SB), contour ridging (CR), and live
barriers (LB). Control treatments were flat cultivation (FC) and zero
tillage (ZT). The treatment had no significant effect on profile moisture
content. However, average over entire study period and during long rains.
SB,CR, and LB performed equally well with grain yield of between 2.5 to
2.7 tons per hectare. Flat Cultivation had 2.2 tons hectare while ZT had
only 1.7 tons ha. Between treatment and during short rains, grain yield
varies with in a very narrow range of 0.8 to 0.9 tons ha. If the 1997/98
seasons which was abnormal (El Nino rains) is excluded, overall mean
grain yield would be very low at 0.3 tons ha. Stone bunding and live
barrier treatments has an additional advantage in that the barriers (5m
apart) had over the year s been transformed into bench terraces. Given
the small increment in yield, which was realized, the techniques cannot
be recommended for moisture conservation in this agro-ecological zone.
However, since the barriers were effective in controlling soil crip down
slope, they could be recommended as a long-term strategy for soil erosion
control where this is considered a threat.

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Expecting too much from the rural development projects: a
case of the Iringa nutrition project
Proceeding of FoA conference
Vol.4, 1999
Msuya, J.M.; Kinabo, J.L / Sokoine University of
Agriculture , 1999 
Abstract : 

The Iringa Nutrition Project (INP) supported jointly by the
Government of Tanzania and UNICEF was started in 1984 as one way to
improve rural livelihood. It was implemented in Iringa region because it
was found that despite good food supply in the region, there were still
high rates of malnutrition among children. The present study was carried
out in Thirty-nine villages of Ludewa and Iringa districts to evaluate
the performance of the INP. Child growth and nutrition status data for
the period between 1984 and 1992 were used. Indicators of project outcome
included success in lowering the proportion of malnourished children and
extent of coverage (number of children reached.) in addition, regression
analysis was used in identifying the community characteristics that were
responsible for determining rate of malnutrition changes in the study
area. It was observed that 10 percent of the 39 villages in the project
area were able to maintain a downward trend in malnutrition during the
period 1984-86 and18 percent in 1987-92 period. None of the villages was
able to sustain a continues downward trend for the entire period of nine
years (1984 to 1992). The regression analysis revealed that malnutrition
declined significantly in those words where the rates of malnutrition
declined significantly in those wards where the rates of malnutrition
were highest at the out of the project. In addition Dominant cropping
system and population size indirectly affected the capability to improve
nutrition through their influence impact on improving the nutritional
status of children in Iringa. This implies that, while the use of
projects o combat malnutrition in poor countries may still be inevitable,
we should not expect too much from these projects.

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