[A12n-forum] Africa, Offline: Waiting for the Web" (Rwanda)

["Don Osborn" <dzo@xxxxxxxxxxxx>]

FYI, this article from the NY Times on connectivity in Africa focuses on
Rwanda. It does not mention localization, but does discuss some structural
issues in extending physical access to the internet. (NB, for background on
some of the issues in Rwanda, see Nsengiyumva & Stork's 2005 article
referenced at
http://www.panafril10n.org/wikidoc/pmwiki.php/PanAfrLoc/Rwanda#toc17 )  Don


Africa, Offline: Waiting for the Web
The New York Times
http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/22/business/yourmoney/22rwanda.html
By RON NIXON
Published: July 22, 2007
[Photo Inset: A customer in the Bourbon coffee shop in Kigali, the Rwandan
capital, uses a wireless connection.]
[Article includes link to graphic "Trying to Bridge a Communications Gap"]

ON a muggy day in Kigali in 2003, some of the highest-ranking officials in
the Rwandan government, including President Paul Kagame, flanked an American
businessman, Greg Wyler, as he boldly described how he could help turn their
small country into a hub of Internet activity.

Jean Claude Rwagasore checks a microwave transmitter in Kigali for Terracom.
A lack of infrastructure has been a problem in Rwanda.

Mr. Wyler, an executive based in Boston who made his fortune during the tech
boom, said he would lace Rwanda with fiber optic cables, connecting schools,
government institutions and homes with low-cost, high-speed Internet
service. Until that point, Mr. Wyler, 37, had never set foot in Africa - he
was invited by a Rwandan government official he had met at a wedding. Mr.
Wyler never expected to start a business there; he simply wanted to try to
help the war-torn country.

Even so, Mr. Wyler's company, Terracom, was granted a contract to connect
300 schools to the Internet. Later, the company would buy 99 percent of the
shares in Rwandatel, the country's national telecommunications company, for
$20 million.

But after nearly four years, most of the benefits hailed by him and his
company have failed to materialize, Rwandan officials say. "The bottom line
is that he promised many things and didn't deliver," said Albert Butare, the
country's telecommunications minister.

Mr. Wyler says he sees things quite differently, and he and Rwandan
officials will probably never agree on why their joint venture has been so
slow to get off the ground. But Terracom's tale is more than a story about a
business dispute in Rwanda. It is also emblematic of what can happen when
good intentions run into the technical, political and business realities of
Africa.

Attempts to bring affordable high-speed Internet service to the masses have
made little headway on the continent. Less than 4 percent of Africa's
population is connected to the Web; most subscribers are in North African
countries and the republic of South Africa.

A lack of infrastructure is the biggest problem. In many countries,
communications networks were destroyed during years of civil conflict, and
continuing political instability deters governments or companies from
investing in new systems. E-mail messages and phone calls sent from some
African countries have to be routed through Britain, or even the United
States, increasing expenses and delivery times. About 75 percent of African
Internet traffic is routed this way and costs African countries billions of
extra dollars each year that they would not incur if their infrastructure
was up to speed.

"Most African governments haven't paid much attention to their
infrastructure," said Vincent Oria, an associate professor of computer
science at the New Jersey Institute of Technology and a native of the Ivory
Coast. "In places where hunger, AIDS and poverty are rampant, they didn't
see it as critical until now."

Africa's only connection to the network of computers and fiber optic cables
that are the Internet's backbone is a $600 million undersea cable running
from Portugal down the west coast of Africa. Built in 2002, the cable was
supposed to provide cheaper and faster Web access, but so far that has not
happened.

Prices remain high because the national telecommunications linked to the
cable maintain a monopoly over access, squeezing out potential competitors.
And plans for a fiber optic cable along the East African coast have stalled
over similar access issues. Most countries in Eastern Africa, like Rwanda,
depend on slower satellite technology for Internet service.

The result is that Africa remains the least connected region in the world,
and the digital gap between it and the developed world is widening rapidly.
"Unless you can offer Internet access that is the same as the rest of the
world, Africa can't be part of the global economy or academic environment,"
said Lawrence H. Landweber, professor emeritus of computer science at the
University of Wisconsin in Madison, who was also part of an early effort to
bring the Web to Africa in the mid-1990s. "The benefits of the Internet age
will bypass the continent."

RWANDAN officials were especially interested in wiring primary and secondary
schools, seeing information technology as crucial to modernizing the
country's rural economy. Some 90 percent of the country's eight million
people work in agriculture.

But as of mid-July, only one-third of the 300 schools covered in Terracom's
contract had high-speed Internet service. All 300 were supposed to have been
connected by 2006.

Over all, less than 1 percent of the population is connected to the
Internet. Rwandan officials say the company seems more interested in tapping
the more lucrative cellphone market than in being an Internet service
provider. (In November, Mr. Wyler stepped down as chief executive of
Terracom, saying he wanted to spend more time with his family; he still
serves on the board.)

In a telephone interview from his home in Boston, Mr. Wyler said he would
not address the government's criticism, saying he did not want to be quoted
as saying anything negative. But he said there were some things he had not
anticipated, particularly the technical challenges of linking Rwanda's
Internet network to the rest of the world. The only way to do it is to buy
bandwidth capacity on satellites, but there are not enough satellites to
meet demand.

Mr. Wyler also says he believes that Terracom suffers from unrealistic
expectations. "Terracom has done everything it can, " he said. "Because of
the technical challenges, the Internet service is as good as it's going to
get. But given what we started from, I still think we have accomplished a
lot. In the beginning there were a few people with Internet service; now
there are thousands."

The Rwandan government had hoped that the number of Web surfers would be
much higher by now. Rwanda, which is about the size of Maryland, has little
industry, and its infrastructure is still being rebuilt after being left in
shambles by a 1994 genocide in which 800,000 to a million people were
killed.

"We have almost no natural resources and no seaports in Rwanda, which leaves
us only with trying to become a knowledge-based society," said Romain
Murenzi, the minister of science, technology and scientific research.

Officials saw Terracom's investment as crucial to its transformation. Unlike
many African governments, Rwanda's was eager to privatize the national
telecommunications company, which had outdated equipment, high prices and
few subscribers.

But from the start, government officials say, there were problems with
Terracom. Mr. Butare, the telecommunications minister, said the government
had trouble getting basic information from the company.

Complicating the situation, Mr. Butare said, was that Mr. Wyler tried to run
Terracom from the United States, visiting Rwanda just a few weeks at a time.
He left day-to-day management to a poorly trained staff, Mr. Butare said.

"There were spots where they did some things here and there," Mr. Butare
said. "But over all they have failed to do what they promised."

Internet rates have been lowered, from about $1,000 a month when Terracom
arrived in 2003, but most people still can't afford it. The average Rwandan
makes about $220 a year, and a fixed-line Internet hookup costs about $90 a
month. Basic wireless Internet is about $63 a month. Those rich enough to
pay the fees complain about poor service.

Government officials say the company has spent more time marketing and
signing up cellphone customers than on expanding Internet service. According
to government figures, Terracom has 30,000 to 40,000 mobile phone
subscribers and about 20,000 Internet customers.

The situation came to a head late last year, when government officials
contended that Terracom secretly tried to trade its shares in the Rwandan
telecom to GV Telecom, a regional African telecommunications company
incorporated in the British Virgin Islands. Rwandan officials were furious,
saying this was a violation of the contract signed by the two parties.

The plan was scrapped and Mr. Wyler was widely criticized. In June, the
government fined Terracom nearly $400,000 for failing to comply with its
licensing obligations, failing to provide information about its operations
and failing to pay several fees.

"We decided to penalize Terracom after they failed to fulfill their
obligations for a long time," said Beatha Mukangabo, legal officer for the
Rwanda Utilities Regulatory Agency. Terracom said it has paid the fines and
is working with the government to meet all of its obligations.

Mr. Wyler said he has not been involved in Terracom for nearly 10 months and
could not comment on its current operations.

Christopher Lundh, Terracom's new chief executive and a former executive of
Gateway Communications in London, has worked in several African countries.
He now lives and works full time in Rwanda, and many government officials
say Terracom's performance has improved under his leadership.

Mr. Lundh acknowledged that there were problems with the company's
operations in the past. "The former management did make some promises that
they were not able to keep," he said. "That's why I was brought in to
professionalize things." He also said that the company could have better
handled the matter with GV Telecom but that he thinks the government
overreacted.

He said the Rwandan government is to blame for some of the delays. "We would
get to schools that don't even have electricity or computers," he said.
"That is not our fault." In addition, he said that many of the complaints
about the company concerned things beyond its ability to control. Getting
adequate bandwidth remains a constant challenge.

Like most telecommunications companies in eastern Africa, Terracom depends
on satellites for Internet service. Satellite service is much slower than
cable because of delays in the signals. Satellites also provide less
bandwidth than cable.

Adding to the problem is that most of the satellites serving Africa were
launched nearly 20 years ago and are aging or going out of commission. A
satellite set to go into service last year blew up on the launching pad.
Power is also an issue, as intermittent power failures in Rwanda hamper
efforts to provide a steady electricity source.

DESPITE these limitations and earlier setbacks, Mr. Lundh says Terracom is
moving ahead with plans to give Rwanda the most advanced Internet
infrastructure in Africa. A nationwide wireless connection should begin
operating near year-end, he said, about the time a nonprofit group, One
Laptop Per Child, based in Boston, is to introduce a $100 laptop in the
country.

And Terracom is continuing to lay fiber optic cables to connect Rwanda to
several other African countries, eliminating a need for phone calls and
Internet traffic to be routed via European or American networks.

The government, meanwhile, is moving forward with its own plans to build a
fiber optic network. It also has granted Internet service licenses to South
African companies and plans to issue several more. "We think we are going to
have a healthier market pretty soon," said Nkubito Bakuramutsa, director
general of the Rwanda Information Technology Authority. "We have learned
from past experience."

Mr. Bakuramutsa said he hopes to bring the price of Internet service down to
about $10 a month.

Mr. Lundh said his company welcomes the competition. But, he added, getting
necessary bandwidth remains an issue and no matter what company supplies
Internet service, speed will be a problem. "Eventually you reach a point of
diminishing returns," he said. "Unless there is a new undersea fiber optic
cable built or a new satellite launched, it's going to be difficult."


Magnus K. Mazimpaka contributed reporting from Rwanda. 


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